Eastham Unit (EA) is a Texas Department of Criminal Justice prison for men and located in unincorporated Houston County, Texas GPS Coordinates 30.978106, -95.632274.[1] The 12,789 acres (5,176 ha) prison is located at the dead end of Farm to Market Road 230,[2] near Lovelady and 13 miles (21 km) west of Trinity.[1] Eastham, nicknamed "the Ham," is 40 miles (64 km) up the Trinity River from the Polunsky Unit in West Livingston,[2] and it is about one thirds of the distance between Polunsky and the Christina Crain Unit (formerly Gatesville Unit) in Gatesville. Robert Perkinson, author of Texas Tough: The Rise of America's Prison Empire, said that while the TDCJ and other agencies operate many types of prisons and jails in Texas, "if any unit stands for the rest," it would be Eastham.[3]
In 1972 a prisoner at Eastham sued the Texas Department of Corrections and won in 1979, the court found conditions of imprisonment within the TDC prison system constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the United States Constitution.
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Before the American Civil War, the land now making up Eastham was cleared by slaves. After the civil war, sharecroppers originally worked the land. The sharecroppers were replaced by prisoners under a convict leasing program. In 1896, Mrs. D. Eastham agreed to pay $14.50 per month per person for 119 convicted men, including many African-Americans.[2] The Eastham Unit opened in April 1917,[1] becoming the first maximum security prison in Texas.[4] It was named after the Eastham Family, the original owners of the land occupied by the prison.[5] Throughout Eastham's history, many prisoners dreaded being sent to Eastham because of the arduous work assignments, the dangerous conditions, and the difficulty of escaping the unit. Many crackdowns and work strikes occurred during the unit's history. Throughout its history Eastham housed maximum security male prisoners and made them work in the fields.[2]
In the early twentieth century Eastham housed female prisoners. After a sexual abuse scandal occurred, the Texas Prison System administrators moved the women to be closer to Huntsville, and Eastham began housing men. Eastham was the starting point of the Texas Prison Rodeo,[2] which began in 1931.[6] On January 16, 1934, Clyde Barrow freed five prisoners from the unit.[7] At a later point Eastham specialized in housing young offenders; at first the young offenders were White, but after the facilities aged the state sent Black young offenders to Eastham.[2] In 1935 Eastham housed White prisoners.[8] In 1963, before racial desegregation occurred, the facility housed White prisoners who are mostly classified as maximum security inmates.[9] The prison acted as an incubator for the Ruiz v. Estelle court case.[2]
As an outbreak of stabbings occurred, an October 1982 Newsweek magazine had a cover story on Eastham with title "America's Toughest Prison.[2] In 1984 several prisoners short-circuited the locks on their cells and held a guard hostage. The crisis ended when prison guards attacked the cell block.[10] In October 2000 David Stacks became the warden of Eastham; he introduced several voluntary rehabilitation programs to the unit.[11]
Robert Perkinson, author of Texas Tough: The Rise of America's Prison Empire, said by 2010 Eastham's reputation had mellowed mainly because of the opening of newer units with more stringent rules, such as the Polunsky Unit.[12] The TDCJ stated in 2006 that Stacks's programs "helped rid Eastham of its once rugged reputation."[11] As of 2010, the prison's agricultural operation, described by Perkinson as "massive," has 4,000 head of free-range cattle, 52,000 laying hens, 5,000 hogs, and 1,400 acres (570 ha) of field crops. The operation is maintained with 11 paid employees and prisoner labor.[13]
In 2011 the Jester III Unit garment plant closed. Its operations were consolidated with the plant at Eastham.[14]
Robert Perkinson, author of Texas Tough: The Rise of America's Prison Empire, said that while the TDCJ and other agencies operate many types of prisons and jails in Texas, "if any unit stands for the rest," it would be Eastham. Perkinson added that Eastham "typifies the rural isolation of most Texas lockups" and "binds present-day prisons to their unburied past."[3] Eastham, a cotton plantation,[2] houses all prisoner classification types but has an emphasis on maximum security incarceration.[3] The prison had many forms and purposes during its lifetime, and ruins, such as a cell block and a former textile mill, are on the prison grounds.[3]
Throughout its history, the institution's goals were to profit from annual cotton harvests and to discipline prisoners who did not work sufficiently to produce the harvests. Walter Siros, a man who was sent to Eastham in 1960, described the institutional rule as "murderous."[2] Perkinson said that Eastham's "continuities were striking" and that the prison's daily rhythms, which originated from the 19th century, "scarcely changed."[13] Perkinson said that Eastham's history suggests that the harshest elements of imprisonment in 2010 had origins in previous eras, and that Eastham stymies contemporary criminal justice analysts who focus on recent trends instead of continuities.[15]
The main prison building, a red-brick structure, was constructed by inmate labor. The building has a "telephone pole" layout with central pickets with dead-end cell blocks extending from them; the layout is very difficult to patrol and control, so historically the prison management used "building tenders," who were prisoners charged with watching the areas of Eastham.[13]
Eastham has employee housing.[16] The children of the employees attend the Lovelady Independent School District.[17]
As of 2010, most of the prisoners at Eastham are African-Americans and Chicanos who originate from urban areas in Texas. For many of them, their assignments to Eastham are the first times that they have ever been on a farm property.[16]
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